The Parisian club has now secured the season-opening trophy on fourteen separate times.
Paris Saint-Germain required a dramatic leveler followed by a successful penalty shootout to get past their arch-rivals in the Gulf and secure a fourth straight French Super Cup title.
The European champions seemed to be sailing towards a straightforward triumph in the match between the Ligue 1 champions and the Coupe de France holders after Ousmane Dembele found the net early on.
However, Marseille fired twice in the closing moments to seize a surprise lead. Initially, the English forward converted from the spot-kick, before Willian Pacho inadvertently turned the ball into his own net for an own goal.
In a breathtaking twist of events, Goncalo Ramos grabbed a vital leveler in the dying seconds to send the contest into a penalty shootout. The Parisian shot-stopper Lucas Chevalier then emerged as the key figure, stopping decisive kicks from Matt O'Riley and Traore.
From the spot, Goncalo Ramos, Vitinha, the full-back, and the young talent all scored with composure for PSG to complete a convincing penalty victory.
The record winners Paris Saint-Germain, who faced last season's Ligue 1 runners-up Marseille after completing a league and cup double, have now won this trophy for the 12th time in the past thirteen years.